要想学习医学术语,先要了解其基本定义、学会分析单词构成成分、掌握常见构词成分(combining form)、词根(root)、词缀(prefix suffix),方能窥知一二、略有所成。

一、什么是医学术语?

Medicalterminology is language that is used to accurately describe the human body andassociated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-basedmanner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields.【1】

医学术语是一门语言,它以科学为基础的方式用来精确描述人体和与之相关的部分、条件、过程和程序。它用于医学和护理领域。

二、学习医学术语的宗旨【2】

Analyze words by dividing theminto component parts.

通过划分构词成分来分析单词。

Relate the medical terms to thestructure and function of the human body.

将医学术语与人体的解剖结构和功能相联系。

Be aware of spelling and pronunciationproblems.

Analyze words by dividing theminto component parts.

通过划分构词成分来分析单词。

Relate the medical terms to thestructure and function of the human body.

将医学术语与人体的解剖结构和功能相联系。

Be aware of spelling and pronunciationproblems.

注意拼写和发音问题。

三、单词构成的常见公式

词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀

词根 + 连接元音 + 词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀

四、医学术语的重要成分

词根(root):单词的基础(the foundation of the word)。每个医学术语必有一个或更多。

后缀(suffix):单词的结尾(word ending)。每个医学术语必有一个后缀。

前缀(prefix):单词的开头(word beginning)。并非每个医学术语都有前缀。

连接元音(combining vowel):通常是 o ,连接词根与词缀或词根与词根。

构词成分(combining form):由词根和连接元音组成(root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM)。

词根(root):单词的基础(the foundation of the word)。每个医学术语必有一个或更多。

后缀(suffix):单词的结尾(word ending)。每个医学术语必有一个后缀。

前缀(prefix):单词的开头(word beginning)。并非每个医学术语都有前缀。

连接元音(combining vowel):通常是 o ,连接词根与词缀或词根与词根。

构词成分(combining form):由词根和连接元音组成(root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM)。

从后缀往前理解整个术语的含义

若后缀是元音打头,则去掉连接元音:gastritis,不是「gastroitis」

用元音连接两个词根:gastroenterology,不是「gastrenterology」

从后缀往前理解整个术语的含义

若后缀是元音打头,则去掉连接元音:gastritis,不是「gastroitis」

用元音连接两个词根:gastroenterology,不是「gastrenterology」

用斜杠「/」来划分每个术语

识记常见词根词缀

制作单词抽认卡(flash cards)

按时复习

用斜杠「/」来划分每个术语

识记常见词根词缀

制作单词抽认卡(flash cards)

按时复习

常见构词成分

  Combining Form  构词成分   Meaning   Example (Definition)   aden/o   Gland 腺体   adenopathy 腺体病 (gland disease)   carcin/o   Cancer 肿瘤   carcinoma 上皮组织来源的恶性肿瘤 (cancerous tumor)   cardi/o   heart 心脏   cardiac 心脏的 (pertaining to the heart)   chem/o   chemical 化学的   chemotherapy (treatment withchemicals   Cis/o   To cut 切开   Incision (process of cutting into)   Dermat/o   skin 皮肤   Dermatology 皮肤病学 (study of the skin)   Enter/o   Small intestines 小肠   Pertaining to the small intestines   Gastr/o   Stomach 胃   Gastric 胃的 (pertaining to the stomach)   Gynec/o   Female 女性   Gynecology 妇科学 (study of females)   Hemat/o   Blood 血   Pertaining to the blood)   Hydr/o   Water 水   Hydrocele 水囊肿 (Protrusion of water含水的凸起)   Immune/o   Immune 免疫   Immunology 免疫学 (study of immunity)   Laryng/o   Voice box 喉   Laryngeal 喉的 (pertaining to the voice box)   Morph/o   Shape 形态   Morphology 形态学 (study of shape)   Nephr/o   Kidney 肾   Nephromegaly 巨肾 (enlarged kidney)   Neur/o   Nerve 神经   Neural 神经的 (pertaining to a nerve 与神经有关 )   Ophthalm/o   Eye 眼   Ophthalmic (pertaining to the eye)   Ot/o   Ear 耳   Otic 耳的 (pertaining to the ear)   Path/o   Disease 病   Pathology 病理学 (study of disease)   Pulmon/o   Lung 肺   Pulmonary 肺的 (pertaining to the lungs)   Rhin/o   Nose 鼻子   Rhinoplasty 鼻成型术 (surgical repair of the nose)   Ur/o   Urine, urinary tract 尿路   Urology 泌尿外科 (study of the urinary tract)

2. 常见前缀

  Prefix  前缀   Meaning   Example (Definition)   a-   Without, away from 无   Aphasia 失语症 (without speech)   An-   Without 缺   Anoxia 缺氧 (without oxygen)   Ante   Before, in front of 前   Antepartum 产前的 (before birth)   Anti-   Against 抗   Antibiotic 抗生素 (against life)   Auto-   Self 自体的   Autograft 自体移植物  (a graft from one’s own body)   Brady-   Slow   Bradycardia 心动过缓 (slow heartbeat)   Dys-   Painful, difficult 困难   Dyspnea 呼吸困难 (painful breathing)   Endo-   Within, inner 内   Endoscope 内窥镜 (instrument to view within)   Epi-   Upon, over 上   Epigastric 上腹部  (upon or over the stomach)   Eu-   Normal, good 正常   Eupnea 平静呼吸 (normal breathing)   Hetero-   Different   Heterograft 异种移植  (a graft from another person’s body)   Homo-   Same   Homozygous 纯合子 (having two identical genes)   Hydro-   Water 水   Hydrotherapy 水疗法 (water therapy)   Hyper-   Over, above 超过   Hypertrophy 肥大 (overdevelopment)   Hypo-   Under, below   Hypoglossal 舌下的 (under the tongue)   Infra-   Under, beneath, below   Infraorbital 眶下的  (below, under the eye socket 眼窝 )   Inter-   Among, between   Intervertebral 椎间盘 (between the vertebrae)   Intra-   Within, inside   Intravenous 静脉内的 (inside, within a vein)   Macro-   Large   Macrocephalic 巨头 (having a large head)   Micro-   Small   Microcephalic 小头 (having a small head)   Neo-   New   Neonate 新生儿 (newborn)   Pan-   All   Pancarditis 全心炎 (inflammation of all the heart)   Para-   Beside, beyond, near   Paranasal 鼻旁的 (near or alongside the nose)   Per-   Through   Percutaneous 经皮的 (through the skin)   Peri-   Around   Pericardial 心包的 (around the heart)   Post-   After   Postpartum 产后 (after birth)   Pre-   Before, in front of   Prefrontal 前额的 (in front of the frontal bone)   Pseudo-   False   Pseudocyesis 假孕 (false pregnancy)   Retro-   Backward, behind   Retrograde 逆行 (movement in a backwards diretion)   Sub-   Below, under 下   Subcutaneous 皮下的  (under, below the skin)   Super-   Above, excess   Supernumerary 额外的 (above the normal number)   Supra-   Above 前   Suprapubic 耻骨前 (above the pubic bone)   Tachy-   Rapid, fast   Tachycardia 心动过速 (fast heartbeat)   Trans-   Through, across   Transurethral 经尿道的 (across the urethra)   Ultra-   Beyond, excess   Ultrasound 超声 (high-frequency sound waves)

3. 数字前缀

  Prefix   Meaning   Example (Definition)   Bi-   Two   Bilateral 双侧 (two sides)   di-   Two   Diplegic 双侧瘫 (paralysis of two extremities四肢)   Hemi-   Half   Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (paralysis of one side of the body   Mono-   One   Monoplegia 单瘫 (paralysis of one extremity)   Multi-   Many   Mutigravida 经产妇 (woman pregnant more than once)   Nulli-   None   Nulligravida 未孕妇 (woman with no pregnancies)   Poly-   Many   Polyuria 多尿 (large amounts of urine)   Quad-   Four   Quadriplegia 四肢瘫痪 (paralysis of all four extremities)   Semi-   Partial, half   Semiconscious 半意识 (partially conscious)   Tri-   Three   Triceps 三头肌 (muscle with three heads)   Uni-   one   Unilateral 单侧 (one side)

4. 常见后缀

  Suffix  后缀   Meaning   Example (Definition)   -algia   Pain 疼痛   Gastralgia 胃痛 (stomach pain)   -cele   Hernia 疝,  protrusion 突出   Cystocele 膀胱突出症 (protrusion of the bladder)   -cise   Cut   Excise 切除 (to cut out)   -dynia   Pain   Cardiodynia 心痛 (heart pain)   -ectasis   dilatation 扩张   Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张 (dilated bronchi)   -ectopia   Displacement 异位   Corectopia 瞳孔异位 (pupil of the eye not centered)   --gen   That which produces 致   Mutagen 诱变剂 (that which produces mutations)   -genesis   Produces, generates 生成   Osteogenesis 骨生成 (produces bone)   -genic   Producing   Carcinogenic 致癌的 (producing cancer)   -ia   State, condition状态   Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (condition of being half paralyzed)   -iasis   Abnormal condition   Lithiasis 结石症 (abnormal condition of stones)   -ism   State of   Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退  (state of low thyroid)   -itis   Imflammation 炎   Cellulitis 蜂窝织炎 (inflammation of cells)   -logist   One who studies 学家   Cardiologist 心脏病学家 (one who studies the heart)   -logy   Study of 学科   Cardiology 心脏病学 (study of the heart)   -lysis   Destruction   Osteolysis 溶骨 (bone destruction)   -malacia   Abnormal softening 软化   Chondromalacia 软骨软化 (abnormal cartilage softening)   -megaly   Enlargement, large 扩大   Cardiomegaly 心脏扩大 (enlarged heart)   -oma   Tumor, mass 癌   Carcinoma 癌 (cancerous tumor)   -osis   Abnormal condition   Cyanosis 发绀 (abnormal condition of being blue)   -pathy   Disease 病   Myopathy 肌病 (muscle disease)   -plasia   Development, growth 发育   Dysplasia 发育不良 (abnormal development)   -plasm   Formation, development   Neoplasm 新生物 (new formation)   -ptosis   Drooping 脱垂   Roctoptosis 直肠脱垂 (drooping rectum)   -rrhage   Excessive, abnormal flow   Hemorrhage 出血 (excessive bleeding)   -rrhea   Discharge, flow 分泌物   Rhinorrhea 鼻溢 (discharge from the nose)   -rrhexis   Rupture 破裂   Hysterorrhexis 子宫破裂 (ruptured uterus)   -sclerosis   Hardening 硬化   Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 (hardening of an artery)   -stenosis   Narrowing 狭窄   Angiostenosis 血管狭窄 (narrowing of a vessel)   -therapy   Treatment 疗法   Chemotherapy 化疗 (treatment with chemicals)   -trophy   Nourishment,development   Hypertrophy 肥大 (excessive development)   -uria   Condition of the urine 尿   Hematuria 血尿 (blood in the urine)

5. 手术相关后缀

  Suffix   Meaning   Example (Definition)   -centesis   Puncture to withdraw fluid 穿刺术   Anthrocentesis (puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint)   -ectomy   Surgical removal 切除术   Gastrectomy 胃切除术 (surgically remove the stomach)   -ostomy   Surgically create an opening 造口术   Colostomy 结肠造口术 (surgically create an opening for the colon through the abdominal wall)   -otomy   Cutting into 切开术   Thoracotomy 胸廓切开术  (cutting into the chest)   -pexy   Surgical fixation 固定术   Nephropexy 肾固定术 (surgical fixation of a kidney)   -plasty   Surgical repair 整形术   Dermatoplasty 植皮术 (surgical repair of the skin)   -rrhaphy   suture 缝合   Myorrhaphy 肌缝合术 (suture together muscle)

6. 检查相关后缀

  Suffix   Meaning   Example (Definition)   -gram   Record or picture 图   Electrocardiogram 心电图 (record of heart’s electricity)   -graph   Instrument for recording 记录仪   Electrocardiograph 心电图仪 (instrument for recording the heart’s electrical activity)   -graphy   Process of recording 方法   Electrocardiography 心电图描记法  (process of recording the heart’s electrical activity)   -Meter   Instrument for measuring 测定仪   Audiometer 听度计 (instrument to measure hearing)   -metry   Process of measuring 测定   Audiometry 听力测定  (process of measuring hearing)   -scope   Instrument for viewing 镜   Gastroscope 胃镜 (instrument to view stomach)   -scopy   Process of visually examining   Gastroscopy 胃镜检查法 (process of visually examining the stomach)

参考文献

【1】维基百科 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_terminology

【2】THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, TENTH EDITION P2

译匠编辑,内容参考源:丁香园医生。

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跨国考证班之认证医疗口译(含口译和笔译考试)

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